Teaching English in Europe

Top Job Prospects by Country

By Susan Griffith

View of the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. A great city for students. Photo courtesy of ITTT.

As the European Union has expanded, albeit more slowly in recent years, and reciprocal links between European nations have strengthened, non-Europeans' employment opportunities have declined. The pandemic of 2000-200x did not help matters regarding in-person job opportunities in Europe due to the safer option of remote learning and teaching. Yet thousands of Americans live and work in Europe as the world returns to previous norms with new variations. Americans are returning to Europe, searching for a niche. Teaching English absorbs a portion of these temporary European residents. Government-run teaching assistant programs are the biggest employers in Western Europe and operate in countries such as France and Spain. Private organizations also offer teaching programs, often involving living with a family and child care. Many countries provide language exchange programs in one form or another. There are summer camps where native-speaking teachers are needed in Italy and a few other European countries. In addition, since 2020, more and more teaching jobs are available remotely in a growing group of countries. Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Romania, Croatia, and Estonia all allow digital nomad visas with various income requirements. Such visas enable individuals to have longer-term employment as remote English teachers or to combine such work with a wide range of higher-paying, location-independent assignments in Europe, such as travel writing and tech jobs.

North Americans with a professional background in language teaching — e.g., a degree in applied linguistics and some relevant experience — might find an employer willing to sponsor them for a work visa. Just as desirable in many cases is a solid background in the business world since much language teaching in Europe is to businesspeople who want practical language tools for the workplace and prefer to be taught by someone with experience in this world than by a fresh-faced college graduate. Opportunities for non-Europeans are more plentiful in some countries than others. The alternatives are to teach voluntarily or on an informal freelance basis. Some teachers work for an employer willing to turn a blind eye to official requirements (which often implies a similarly casual approach to pay and working conditions). In European cities of any size, the pool of native-speaking teachers on the spot is so large that language school proprietors almost always have a choice of hopeful applicants to interview. In most cases, a speculative application and resumé sent from the U.S. will not meet with a favorable response.

Freelancing as a Teacher

The majority of North American language teachers and trainers in Europe work on a freelance basis. This can take the form of private tutoring whereby a native speaker goes it alone, finding private clients independently by advertising, etc. However, the more common way of freelancing is through an agency that provides language teaching primarily to businesses. Freelancers work on short-term contracts or on an hourly basis. They are paid by the course or the hour but are not eligible for paid holidays or other benefits of long-term employment. They must also worry about paying their taxes and compulsory contributions to a pension scheme (as in Germany) or covering social security.

Independent freelance tutors will find it easier to start teaching with contacts and an excellent working knowledge of the language. When they do get started, it may be challenging to earn a stable income because of the frequency with which pupils cancel. It is unrealistic for a newly arrived freelancer to expect to earn enough to live on for at least the first six months.

Getting clients for private lessons is a marketing exercise. All the avenues that seem appropriate to your circumstances have to be explored, for example, putting up notices in schools and universities, supermarkets and corner shops, running an advertisement on local free community noticeboard sites like Craigslist, targeting likely businesses such as exporters, distribution companies, travel agencies, hotels, etc. With luck and perseverance, these methods should put you in touch with a few hopeful language learners. If you are good at what you do, word will spread, and more paying pupils will come your way, though the process can be slow and gradual.

Working solo has disadvantages. Italian teenagers to Frankfurt business people may cancel or postpone one-on-one lessons. Since your clients are paying for flexibility, you can only afford to take a little harsh a line. Unless your accommodation is suitable for teaching, you must spend time traveling to your clients unless your client agrees to be taught remotely--which many will do in this era of remote learning.

If you are more interested in integrating with the local culture than making money, exchanging conversation for board and lodging may be appealing. This can be arranged by answering (or placing) small ads in appropriate places or online via websites or social media. The American Church in Paris notice board is famous for this.

Teaching Jobs at Language Schools

When you arrive in a likely place, your initial steps might include some of the following: copy a list of schools from the Yellow Pages (many are now available online such as the Pages Jaunes in France or the Gelbe Seiten in Germany); check local papers, websites and notice boards in likely locations such as universities, TEFL training centers, English language bookshops (where you should also notice which EFL materials are stocked), or places frequented by expatriate teachers.

After compiling a list of potential employers, get a detailed map and guide to the public transport network to locate the schools. Phone the schools and arrange a meeting with the director or academic director of studies. Even if an initial chat does not result in a job offer, you may learn something about the local TEFL scene that will help you at the following interview, especially if you ask many questions.

In some circles, it is fashionable to learn American English, which means that, despite the visa difficulties for non-EU nationals, North Americans can find work. Many institutes claim to have no preference for the country of origin of their native-speaker teachers. However, most expect to hire foreigners who are already residents in the area and have appropriate working papers. Most students are happy with a friendly, competent, and enthusiastic teacher, whatever their nationality, who can adapt to their needs and supply them with materials and learning situations relevant to their situation.

The big chains are a good bet for the novice teacher because of the stability of hours they can offer, though wages tend to be entry-level. Berlitz is one of the largest language training organizations in the world, with franchised locations throughout Europe and the world. The company's core business is language and cultural training, and teacher vacancies often occur in Germany and Spain. All Berlitz teachers are native, fluent speakers and university graduates, and all must undergo training (unpaid) in the "Berlitz Method," a direct "see-hear-speak" teaching approach that does not rely on translation. Usually, Berlitz schools employ teachers directly, usually on a part-time basis initially and progressively more for online instruction; the relevant web pages are linked from Berlitz. Another international organization is Inlingua, which has language centers worldwide that operate autonomously. Schools that call themselves names like the American Center or American Teachers may be more favorably disposed to North American applicants.

Throughout Europe, summer camps for children and teenagers often offer English immersion alongside sports and activities, creating a demand for native speakers to act as teachers-cum-counselors. Relevant companies are included below.

TEFL Training in Europe

Anyone with a recognized Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language is in a much stronger position to get a job in any country where English is widely taught. Certificate courses provide a rigorous introduction to teaching English in just one month, full-time or part-time over months. So anyone interested in spending some time teaching abroad should consider enrolling in such a course. The Cambridge Certificate (CELTA) and the Trinity Certificate in TESOL are highly regarded. If you are serious about teaching English in a particular country, a training course in that country is worth considering, as many will help with job placement and navigation of the beaurocracy. Most intensive courses last four weeks and lead to a Certificate qualification. One of the major providers is International House, which offers the CELTA course in several European cities. Another international school that offers TEFL certificates in countries throughout Europe and helps with job placement is International TEFL and TESOL Training. Some other suggestions and leads are given below.

Red Tape

To work legally in Europe, having a residence permit, social security number (which entitles you to use the healthcare system), and tax registration is almost always necessary. These official documents are essential to work legally. Unlike marrying an E.U. national, these are usually not granted to non-European people. You could investigate whether you might be eligible to apply for a European Union passport on the grounds of ancestry, for example, if you have a grandparent born in Italy or Ireland. Most employers are unwilling to consider candidates on a student visa since it will restrict their work hours.

The other main option is to find an employer willing to tackle the lengthy procedures involved in obtaining a work permit on your behalf. They must obtain official certification that the job on offer has been advertised locally and in Europe and that no suitable European candidate has applied. Then, an appointment must be made with the relevant Consulate in your country of origin to process a dizzying array of documents, which can take months.

All non-EU nationals must obtain a Schengen visa to enter the Schengen zone, which consists of most of the countries of continental Europe; the visa is valid for 90 days within six months, and the fee is €80. In the past, long-stay residents of European countries would cross the border to leave the Schengen area to renew their tourist visas. However, when the regulations changed to limit stays to 90 days in six months, many non-EU semi-residents had to depart.

France: French Majors Encouraged to Apply

Advanced TEFL qualifications seem to be less in demand in France than business qualifications and experience or even just commercial flair. Anyone who has a BA and is comfortable in a business setting has a chance of finding work as a formateur or trainer, particularly if he or she has a working knowledge of French. The main impediment is visas.

Taking a TEFL training course in France will provide inside access to the local job market. For example, TEFL Paris offers a four-week certificate course with start dates throughout the year, which attracts a considerable number of Americans, some of whom go on to find teaching work in France. ILC France is affiliated to the worldwide organization International House and offers full-time and part-time training courses leading to the CELTA (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) which is recognized around the world.

As throughout the European Union, non-EU nationals are not allowed to work without the appropriate working papers. Apart from marrying a French national, one option is to enroll in a French course or university course and apply for a student visa which allows the holder to engage in up to 20 hours of paid work a week in term-time and full-time in the vacations. If you are accepted onto a university course (including at the Anglophone American University in Paris), you will be sent a letter of enrollment which can be used to apply for a student visa in your home country. In the US, you are required to go through CampusFrance for which you will need an official translation of your diploma, and information on long-stay student visas for France as well as numerous other documents.

Otherwise, you will have to find a French employer not only willing to hire you and but also to wait while you obtain the work visa through the French Embassy in your home country, which takes about three months. When job-hunting bring your birth certificate and CV in both French and English, handwritten cover letters in both languages, passport photos, and college transcripts. 

At a more casual level, language exchanges for room and board are commonplace in Paris; these are usually arranged through online advertisements or word of mouth. You can offer English lessons privately in people’s homes starting at €15-€20 for a one-hour session.

The English Teaching Assistantship Program (TAPIF) offers the opportunity to work teaching French in a 7-month program, teaching English to French elementary and secondary school students. Each year, well over 1,000 American citizens and permanent residents teach in public schools across all regions of metropolitan France and in the overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. The program offers a monthly stipend of approximately €810 stipend per month net. Candidates may be between the ages of 20 to 35. Applications are available in mid-October every year and after all paperwork has been completed, and your visa is completed, you will start the following October and complete the contract April 30.

Possibilities exist for Americans who want to act as counselors and activity leaders (animateurs) at English immersion summer camps in France, for example with companies such as American Village Camps. In some cases, to be a camp counselor in France, you have to go through training, get certified, etc. so it is not as casual a form of employment as it is in the U.S. 

Other meccas for job-hunters and places in which to access the English-speaking expat community include the American Church at 65 Quai d’Orsay (Métro Invalides), the American Cathedral in Paris (23 av. George V) and the American Library at 10 rue du Général Camou, all of which have community bulletin boards posting job notices as well as course and housing listings. English language bookshops like the eccentric Shakespeare & Company at 37 rue de la Bûcherie opposite Notre-Dame, as well as cafés, restaurants, and bars popular with the English-speaking community distribute the free bilingual newsletter FUSAC, which comes out the first Tuesday of the month. It comprises mainly classified adverts which are best followed up on the day the paper appears. An advert under the heading Work Wanted in France is an idea.

Highly qualified TEFL teachers from the U.S. might approach a Paris company such as Le Comptoir des Langues, who employs teachers on a short- or long-term basis.

Prospective teachers should not automatically head for Paris but bear in mind that provincial cities have many language schools too. Due to the many French companies that have decided it is more cost-effective to relocate in the provinces, many regional centers such as Orléans, Lyon, Marseilles, Toulouse, Lille, and Rouen are good hunting grounds. Not only is it harder to find work in Paris because of the competition, but the cost of living is higher in the capital. In Paris, you can expect at least half your paycheck to go on rent.

Teaching by Skype or telephone has become well established in France, popular with client learners who appreciate its convenience and anonymity. It is not necessary to be able to speak French, though you will need to have access to a computer and telephone. One company which specializes in this is Telab Cours de Langues par Telephone which accepts non-EU nationals but only if they have working papers.

Germany: Business Experience Can Help

Although Germany is a Eurocentric country, it is generally more tolerant than its neighbors of U.S. nationals working in certain sectors, including English teaching. People with a strong business or IT background and a knowledge of German might find their applications acceptable to the scores of language training companies in every German city.

American and Canadian students or recent graduates with a knowledge of German, who find an employer while still in North America, might seek advice on documentation from Cultural Vistas. Among several programs in Germany, they can facilitate the red tape for individuals to work in Germany for up to a year.

Austria: Working with Kids is the Best Bet

The demand for teachers of children and young people is very strong in Austria. Summer  programs provide scope for EFL teachers, for example with the company English Language Day Camp in Vienna. As in Germany, the market for EFL in Austrian cities is primarily for business English, particularly in-company. Most language training companies such as MHC Business Language Training, based in Vienna, depend on freelance part-time teachers drawn from the sizable resident international community.

Berlitz is well represented with multiple separate premises in around Vienna and Austria. All centers recruit new English trainers of British, Irish, American or Australian nationality; however, candidates must already have permission to work in the EU. Unfortunately, Austria is one of the hardest places in which to gain permission to live and work. Everyone must complete a Meldezettel or residence registration form for which they will need the signature of a landlord and a 12-digit number. Employers are unlikely to consider applicants without this documentation.

Italy: Work Permits Difficult to Obtain

The red tape is just as daunting in Italy, and so there is a pronounced bias towards hiring Britons as indicated by the names of the main language school chains, the British Schools Group, British Institutes, Oxford Schools and so on. Yet there are also those willing to hire qualified Americans.

Enrollment in English language schools continues steadily among ordinary Italian families, and there will always be schools that choose not to comply with the strict labor regulations. Milan is considered a promising destination, even for unqualified non-Europeans. Yet it is not just the sophisticated urbanites of Rome, Florence, and Milan who long to learn English. Small towns in Sicily and Sardinia, in the Dolomites, and along the Adriatic all have more than their fair share of private language schools and institutes. Check under the heading "Scuole di Lingue" in the Pagine Gialle (Yellow Pages) which can be consulted.

Paid work is available at a number of summer camps offering English instruction, a good opportunity for young people to spend a summer in Italy and learn more about teaching English to young learners. Some programs involve teaching through the medium of theatre, so anyone interested in drama will be attracted by this idea. This opportunity is open to non-European nationalities since the work period is so short. Some teacher training is often provided by the schools and companies that run these camp programs. A longstanding company, ACLE, takes on summer staff for camps in locations throughout Italy.

Spain: Market for English Teachers

Thousands of Academia de Ingles (private language institutes) are in business and continue to hire native speaker teachers. Supplementing the private sector, Escuelas Oficial de Idiomas are enormous state-sponsored official language schools with up to 10,000 students in the major cities.

Once again work permits for non-Europeans pose a major problem. Work permit applications must be lodged in the applicant’s country of residence and collected there as well, sometimes months later. Although teachers from outside the E.U. are occasionally hired on the spot by back street schools and paid in cash, the wage will normally be below the going rate. A knowledge of Spanish is virtually essential if you are going to teach young children (with whom the total immersion method is not really suitable).

For aspiring teachers who decide to look for work after arrival, the probable scenario is that he or she will elicit mild interest from one or two schools and will be told to contact the school again at the beginning of term when a few hours of teaching may be offered. Spanish students sign up for English classes during September and into early October; consequently, the academies do not know how many classes they will offer and how many teachers they will need until quite late. It can become a war of nerves; if you can afford to stay you have an increasingly good chance of picking up some hours.

Local magazines may advertise the possibility of intercambio which means an exchange of English for Spanish or Catalan conversation practice — a great way to meet locals. Some Irish pubs not only offer the opportunity to meet other expats but often organize weekly intercambio nights, which will be listed in the English-speaking press.

People from outside the EU who want to experience Spanish culture might like to consider a live-in position with a family who wants an English tutor for their children or a voluntary position as an English assistant on summer language/sports camps. Further details may be sought from club rci ("Tutoring" and "Teach and Play in Spain"), a youth exchange organization which places native English speakers with Spanish families who want to practice their English in exchange for providing room and board.

It is also possible to arrange an informal exchange of English conversation for a free week in Spain. Pueblo Ingles offers an excellent program whereby holiday resorts in Spain are  "stocked" with native English speakers and Spanish clients who want to improve their English. English native-speaking volunteers participate alongside about the same number of Spanish adults in an intensive six-day "talk-a-thon" on a one-to-one basis. In exchange for making English conversation, participants receive free room and board, and transport from Madrid. Reserve ahead, as they are often booked months ahead due to demand.

Several independent TEFL training organizations train large numbers of North Americans. Acquiring an English language teaching certificate through one of these would be a good way of getting to know the local scene in Madrid or Barcelona (though the work permit problem persists). Investigate for example EBC International in Madrid. Because schools run the whole gamut from prestigious to cowboy, every method of job-hunting works at some level.

Portugal: Demand for Teachers Mostly in North

Unlike in Spain, some schools in Portugal claim to be willing to hire non-European nationals, although any job-seeker already in possession of an Autorizacao de Residencia will be at a huge advantage. Non-Europeans who do obtain a contract of employment should take it to the local aliens office (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras) or to  the local town council (Câmara Municipal). The permit obtained here is sent off together with the contract of employment to the Ministry of Labor. The final stage is to take a letter of good conduct provided by the teacher’s own embassy to the police for the work and resident permit.

Outside the cities, where there have traditionally been large expatriate communities, schools cannot depend on English speakers just showing up and so must recruit well in advance of the academic year. The demand for English teachers is mostly in the north. Apart from in the main cities of Lisbon and Oporto, jobs crop up in historic provincial centers such as Coimbra and Braga and in small seaside towns like Aveiro and Póvoa do Varzim. Small towns can be a welcome destination for teachers burned out from teaching in big cities or first-time teachers who want to avoid the rat race. schools that may prefer American speakers: any school with "American" in the title is probably a good bet.

Most newly arrived teachers work on a freelance basis using recibos verdes ("green receipts"), which are intended for use by temporary workers in the country. Freelancers are responsible for paying their own taxes and contributions.

Scandinavia: Where So Many Already Seem to Speak Fluent English

Many Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns and Icelanders are so fluent in English that the demand for native speakers is not very great. As elsewhere in Europe the greatest demand is for mature professionals to serve a sophisticated business community. One short-term possibility is at summer language camps held in various scenic locations in Finland.

American university students and recent graduates over 21 can apply to the American-Scandinavian Foundation for work permits to cover a self-arranged job or internship. At one time there was a well-developed program of teaching placements in Finland which has been reduced of late, but it might still be worth asking ASF about TEFOL positions in Finland for the academic year, from the end of August until the end of May.

Switzerland: Some Summer Camp Openings in the Shadow of the Alps

The prospects are gloomy for people who fancy the idea of teaching in Switzerland, unless they are ultra-qualified. It is compulsory for non-EU citizens to possess a prior guaranteed job offer from a Swiss employer before contemplating long-term work in Switzerland.

More possibilities for teaching English exist at summer camps than in city language institutes. The Swiss Federation of Private Schools produces a list of summer schools in Switzerland held at its member schools, indicating which ones teach English. The list is available at the Federation of Swiss Private Schools. Organizations that may need teachers or monitors (or some combination of the two) for summer language courses include TASIS (The American School in Switzerland), in Montagnola-Lugano. Hiring takes place between January and March.

SUSAN GRIFFITH is author of the book Teaching English Abroad, now in its 16th edition. See Susan's bio for more information about her extensive bibliography and to purchase her book.